Task Similarity Clusters for Worker Assessment

ABSTRACT

Particular embodiments may receive, by one or more processors of an information processing system, results of one or more tasks performed by a worker. The volume of the results for one of the tasks may be determined to be insufficient. The volume of the results of similar tasks completed by the worker may be determined to be sufficient. A weighted similarity score may be assigned based on the results of the similar tasks completed by the worker. Estimates may be provided based on the weighted similarity score of the worker&#39;s behavior for a task type of the one of the tasks.

PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/272,246, filed 29 Dec. 2015, whichis incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to workforcemanagement, and more particularly relate to assessment of workerfitness.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer toidentical or functionally similar elements throughout the separateviews, and which together with the detailed description below areincorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to furtherillustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles andadvantages all in accordance with the present invention, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a workforcemanagement system according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a detailed view of a workforcemanagement server according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a table illustrating one example of task data according to oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A-4C depict a flow chart illustrating a process for checkinganswer accuracy using candidate for answer error detection according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of an information processing systemaccording to one embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Workforce Management System

FIG. 1 shows one example of a workforce management system 100 accordingto one embodiment of the present invention. The workforce managementsystem 100 comprises one or more networks 102 that, in one embodiment,may include wide area networks, local area networks, wireless networks,and/or the like. It should be noted that the network 102 comprisesvarious networking hardware (and software) components such as gateways,routers, firewalls, etc., which are not shown for simplicity. Theenvironment 100 includes a plurality of information processing systems104, 106, 108, 110 that are communicatively coupled to the network(s)102. The information processing systems 104, 106, 108, 110 include oneor more workforce management servers 104, one or more customer systems106, one or more worker systems 108, and one or more reward managementservers 110 (or payment systems 110). The environment 100 may alsoinclude additional systems such as admin systems, database systems,storage systems, etc., which are not shown in FIG. 1. Users of theworker systems 106 and customer systems interact with the workforcemanagement server 104 via an interface 114, 116 or programmatically viaan API(s).

Throughout this discussion a “customer” refers to an entity thatsubmits/creates a task to the workforce management server 104 to besourced (e.g., published, broadcasted, advertised, etc.) to a set of oneor more workers. This set of one or more workers may be referred to as a“crowd”. Workers may be comprised of a cohesive or disparate group ofindividuals. A “task” (also referred to as a “problem”) comprises one ormore actions to be performed by the workers. The result of the workersperforming these requested actions may be referred to as the “output” or“result” of the task, the “work product” of a worker“, or the “solution”to the problem. A “project” refers to a plurality of related tasks.

The workforce management server 104 comprises a workforce manager 112.The customer and worker systems 106, 108 comprise the interfaces 114,116 discussed above. The reward server 110 comprises a reward manager118 for managing the awarding of rewards to workers. The workforcemanager 112 of the server 104 manages a workforce management environmentprovided by the server 104 and also any interactions betweencustomers/workers and the workforce management environment. Thisworkforce management environment allows customers to manage tasks andallows workers to participate in tasks.

As shown in in FIG. 2, the workforce manager 112, in one embodiment,comprises a workflow management module 202, a template management module204, an adjudication module 206, a worker management module 208, and adata integration module 210.

The workflow management module 202 manages tasks and generates tasks fora workflow from information entered by a customer in one or moretemplates provided by the template management module 204. The workflowmanagement module 202 maintains information associated with tasks astask data 212. This task data 212 may be stored within the workforcemanagement server 104 and/or on one or systems coupled to the server104. The template management module 204 provides various templates orscreens for a customer or worker to interact with when accessing theworkforce management server 104. The adjudication module 206 manages theresults provided/submitted by a worker for a task. The adjudicationmodule 206 utilizes one or more adjudication rules or acceptancecriteria to ensure that the best results of a task are identified and/orto provide a degree of confidence in the correctness of a result.

The worker management module 208 manages the workers associated with theworkforce management environment of the workforce management server 104.The worker management module 208 maintains information associated withworkers as worker profiles 214. The worker profiles 214 may be storedwithin the workforce management server 104 and/or on one or more systemscoupled to the server 104. The worker management module 208, in oneembodiment, uses the worker profiles 214 for, among other things,determining which set of workers to present a given task to. The dataintegration module 210 interfaces with one or more customer servers (notshown) to provide the data to a worker upon which the task is to beperformed. In addition to the above, the workforce management server 104also comprises and maintains customer data 216. The customer data 216comprises information associated with each customer that has registeredwith the workforce management server 104. The workforce manager 112 andits components are discussed in greater detail below. Specifically, aworker fitness module for analyzing answers to flag potentiallyincorrect responses is described below.

Worker Management Data

In certain embodiments, data regarding all aspects of worker management,including questions, answers, worker data, worker answer history, andthe like, is stored as a feature, enabling machine learning algorithmsto select specific traits and process them using, for example, patternrecognition, classification, and regression techniques, to improveautomated processes and worker management predictions. A feature is anindividual measurable property of a phenomenon being observed. However,since the workflow management system may maintain a large number offeatures, a subset of features are often selected to facilitate learningand improve generalization and interpretability. Selected features canthus be combined into a feature vector for processing and statisticalanalysis to facilitate machine learning.

FIG. 3 shows one example of the task data 212 maintained by the workflowmanagement module 202. It should be noted that although FIG. 3 shows asingle table 300 comprising records (i.e., rows) for each task aseparate record/file may be stored for each task as well. Also,embodiments of the present invention are not limited to a table andother structures for storing data are applicable as well. Even further,one or more columns may be added and/or removed from the table 300 aswell. The table 300 in FIG. 3 comprises a plurality of columns and rows,where each row is associated with a single task. A first column 302,entitled “ID”, comprises entries that uniquely identify each task beinghandled by the workforce management system. For example, a first entry304 under this column 302 identifies a first task with the uniqueidentifier of “Task_1”. The task ID may be automatically assigned by theworkflow management module 202 upon creation of a task.

A second column 306, entitled “Title”, comprises entries 308 thatprovide the title of the corresponding task. This title may be manuallyentered by the customer during the task creation/submission process orautomatically generated by the workflow management module 202. It shouldbe noted that the table 300 may also include an additional column (notshown) for providing a more detailed description of the task. A thirdcolumn 310, entitled “Keywords”, comprises entries 312 that compriseoptional keywords for the corresponding task. These keywords allow thecustomer or worker to search for tasks being maintained by the server104. It should be noted that tasks may be search for by the customer orworker based on any of the information shown (and not shown) in FIG. 3.

Keywords may be manually entered by the customer during the taskcreation/submission or automatically generated by the workflowmanagement module 202. The workforce manager 112 may use the keywords todetermine which tasks to publish/advertise to which workers. Forexample, a worker may include in his/her profile that he/she only wantsto participate in tasks associated with a given type, category, keyword,technical area, etc. The workforce manager 112 may then match tasks tospecific workers based on the worker's profile and the keywordsassociated with the task. In addition, the workforce manager 112 mayanalyze a worker's previous work history, work performance,qualifications, etc. and determine that the worker excels in a specifictask area. The workforce manager 112 may use the keywords associatedwith a task to ensure that tasks associated with this specific taskarea(s) are published/advertised to the worker. It should be noted thatthe workforce manager 112 may utilize any of the information in the taskdata 212 for determining which workers to select for notification of agiven task.

A fourth column 314, entitled “Type”, comprises entries 316 thatidentify a task type for the corresponding task. For example, a firstentry 316 under this column 314 indicates that Task_1 is acategorization task. Other non-limiting examples of a task type arerank, validate, or moderate. A task type may be manually assigned to atask by or automatically assigned by the workflow management module 202.A fifth column 318, entitled “Reward”, comprises entries 320 thatidentify the type and/or amount of reward associated with thecorresponding task. For example, a first entry 320 under this column 318indicates that a worker will receive $0.02 for completing thecorresponding task (or completing the corresponding task with thecorrect output, given amount of time, etc.). The reward may be monetary,merchandise, or any other type of reward selected by the customer. Asixth column 322, entitled “# of Assignments”, comprises entries 324that indicate a maximum number of workers that may participate in thetask, a minimum number of workers that may participate in the task, acurrent number of workers currently participating in the task, and/orthe like. For example, a first entry 324 under this column 322 indicatesthat the maximum number of unique workers that may participate in thecorresponding task is 3. A seventh column 326, entitled “Schedule”,comprises entries 328 that provide optional scheduling information for acorresponding task. Scheduling information may include a task duration(e.g., how long the task is available for), a work duration (e.g., howlong a worker has to complete the task), sourcing schedule (e.g., agiven date and/or time when the task is to be sourced), and/or the like.

An eighth column 330, entitled “Worker Specs”, comprises entries 332identifying optional workers' qualifications for the corresponding task.These worker specifications/qualifications may be any condition definedby the user that a worker must satisfy prior to being selected for orallowed to participate in a task. These qualifications may be educationrequirements, age requirements, geographic requirements, previous workhistory requirements (task or non-task related), previous task workperformance, and/or the like. Previous task work performance may includemetrics such as an average task completion time, average/number correctresults, and/or any other metrics that may be used to represent aworker's work performance. The requirements under this column 330 may beused by the workflow management module 202 to select/filter workers forparticipation in the corresponding task. A ninth column 334, entitled“Worker Quality”, comprises entries 336 identifying optional workerquality requirements for the corresponding task. A worker qualityrequirement identifies a specific quality rating/metric that must beassociated with a worker in order for a worker to be selected for orallowed to participate in a task. This worker quality rating/metric isassigned to a worker by the worker management module 208 based variousfactors such as previous task work performance, duration of associationwith the crowd sourcing environment, and/or any other factor/metric thatallows the worker management module 208 to assign a weight, rating, ormetric that represents the overall quality of a worker.

A tenth column 338, entitled “Rules”, comprises entries 340 that includeor identify adjudication rules to be applied to the workers' output fora given task. The entries may comprise the actual rules or anidentifier/flag that allows the adjudication module 206 to locate theapplicable rules (e.g., acceptance criteria) in another table or storagearea (not shown). An adjudication rule ensures that the best possibletask result(s) is presented to a customer or that a given degree ofaccuracy and/or confidence may be associated with results provided byworkers. For example, an adjudication rule may indicate that additionalworkers are to be assigned to a task until a given percentage/thresholdof workers have provide the (substantially) same task result/solutionand use the matching result as the final task result. An adjudicationrule provides a way, for example, to determine the correctness of taskresults/solutions provided by workers.

FIG. 3 is merely one example of data maintained by a workflow managementsystem or workflow management module 202. Example features in a workflowmanagement system can include Task Features, HIT (Human IntelligenceTask) features, Current Question/Answer Features, PreviousQuestion/Answer Features, Question/Answer-level Worker Features, andGlobal Worker Features. While any relevant feature or attribute of anyrelevant phenomenon may be stored as a feature, a general listing offeatures is provided as an example.

Task Features

-   -   1. Task title—the title of the task.    -   2. Customer—the customer that initiated the task.    -   3. Created by—the handle of the person who created the task.    -   4. Tags—any tags set by author that describe the task.    -   5. Keywords—made available to the crowd workers to search for        tasks.    -   6. Short Description—short abstract/description written for the        task.    -   7. Question—the short text of the task question.    -   8. Qualification?—a binary flag indicating if this task required        a worker qualification before starting.    -   9. Training?—was worker training required for the task.    -   10. FAQ/instructions—the text of any FAQ/instructions for this        task.    -   11. HIT count—the total number of HIT in this task.    -   12. Messages/questions—count of how many messages/questions were        sent for this task in total.    -   13. Use-case category—category set by the creator of the task as        part of Task ontology.    -   14. Use-case—specific use-case of the task as part of Task        ontology.    -   15. Number of questions—the number of questions per HIT on this        task.    -   16. Average different answers—the average number of different        answers per question on the task. So if all workers answer all        questions the same the data here would be ‘1’. If some workers        provide different answers then the value would be<1.    -   17. Percent of records delivered—how many of the total records        were delivered to the customer. (Accepted=true).    -   18. Time before first accept—How long after publishing the task        was the first HIT accepted.

HIT Features

-   -   1. Blocksize—The total number of questions in this HIT.    -   2. Cost—the pay out for this HIT.    -   3. Accepted—the total number of times this HIT was accepted.    -   4. Skipped—the number of times this HIT was skipped.    -   5. Complete—the number of workers that fully completed the HIT    -   6. Returned—the number of workers that didn't finish the HIT.    -   7. Time before returned—the total time spent on the HIT before        it was returned.    -   8. Messages/questions—how many messages/questions were asked for        this HIT.

Current Question/Answer Features

-   -   1. Current question type.    -   2. Questions remaining—The total number of questions that remain        unanswered on the HIT after this question has been answered.    -   3. Question difficulty—measured by ART.    -   4. Is difficult?—if the difficulty of the question is>the        average question difficulty.    -   5. Percentage of correct answers—the total number of correct        answers/all attempted answers.    -   6. Percent of incorrect answers—the total number of incorrect        answers/all attempted answers.    -   7. Question-level Average response time (ART)—the ART for this        question over all workers.    -   8. Worker ART comparison—if the ART for this question is>the        worker ART    -   9. ‘Silver Worker’ automated answer—if automation is available        then the posterior probability of the ML model.    -   10. FAQs?—if any workers asked questions asked about the current        question.    -   11. Answer name—the name of the answer.    -   12. Answer type—the type of answer for the question.    -   13. Answer description—any description of the answer.    -   14. Required?—was this answer required.    -   15. hasDefault?—if the answer has a default value.    -   16. Default value—the given default value for this answer.    -   17. Average different answers—the average number of different        answers for this question.    -   18. Document length—The length of the document for which the        question is being asked about.    -   19. Relative answer position—The relative position of the        answer(s) in the current document. The index of the start of the        answer is normalized by the document length.    -   20. Length of the input document for the tasks, e.g., size of        the document to be used to perform information extraction    -   21. Relative start position of the answer in the document text        as indicated by worker (i.e., what position in the document the        beginning of the answer is).

Previous Question/Answer Features

-   -   1. Previous question types.    -   2. Previous question difficulty—how difficult was the last        question answered.    -   3. Is previous question difficult—if the difficulty of the last        question is>the average question difficulty.    -   4. Combined difficulty—if the last question and current question        difficulties are both>the average question difficulty.    -   5. Previous correct—was the previous question answered        correctly?    -   6. Previous skipped—was the previous question skipped?    -   7. Previous ‘Silver Worker’ answer—if automation is available        then the posterior probability of the prior question from the        model.    -   8. An additional 32 features that are the same as all above        items for the last 5 questions answered.

Question/Answer-level Worker Features

-   -   1. Worker ART—the ART for this worker.    -   2. ART ratio—the ART of this worker/the sum of ART for all        workers    -   3. Number of correct answers so far.    -   4. Number of incorrect answers so far.    -   5. Number of questions left out so far.    -   6. Number of answers that matched the gold.    -   7. Number of correct answers so far/Number of incorrect answers        so far.    -   8. Number of questions left out so far/Number of correct answers        so far.    -   9. Number of incorrect answers so far/Number of correct answers        so far.    -   10. Number of answers that matched gold/Total number of answers        submitted.    -   11. Current task earnings—the amount the worker has earned so        far on this task.    -   12. Current worker rank—the rank of the worker after completing        the question.

Global Worker Features

-   -   1. Task Total total number of tasks the worker has completed        prior to this one.    -   2. Qualifications achieved—total number of tasks the worker has        qualified for.    -   3. Qualifications attempted—total number of tasks the worker has        attempted to be qualified for.    -   4. Average qualification score—the average score for all        qualifications undertaken.    -   5. Number of qualifications achieved>=90.    -   6. Number of qualifications achieved>=80<90.    -   7. Number of qualifications<80.    -   8. Tiers of matching qualifications—how many of the same        qualification has the worker achieved. We need to compute this        as it's not in the system now.    -   9. Qualification level degraded—the amount of qualification        score that the worker has fallen over time.    -   10. Historical accuracy—the historical accuracy of the worker        over all completed tasks.    -   11. Historical gold accuracy—this historical gold accuracy of        the worker over all completed tasks.    -   12. Historical worker rank—the rank of the worker on all prior        tasks.    -   13. Messages/questions—how many messages/questions did this        worker ask in total.    -   14. Bonus Amount—total amount of bonus money paid to the worker.    -   15. Percent correct per use-case category—total percent correct        over all use-case categories the worker has completed.    -   16. Percent correct per use-case—total percent correct over all        use-cases.    -   17. Average time per day—how many hours per day the worker        spends on tasks on average.    -   18. Average time per task—how much time the worker spends per        task on average.    -   19. Average time per category—how much time the worker spends        per category on average.    -   20. Average time per use-case—how much time the worker spends        per use-case on average.    -   21. Time away—time since the last task accepted.    -   22. Number of messages—how many times the worker received        messaged by the task creator.    -   23. Worker country—the country the worker is working in.

In certain embodiments, a “task” is a collection of actions to beperformed by workers. The result of the workers performing theserequested actions may be referred to as the “output” or “result” of thetask, the “work product” of a worker”, or the “solution” to the problem.Tasks may also be described as a collection of “questions,” eachquestion having an “answer” supplied by the worker (e.g., either anautomated or machine worker/process or “human” worker). A human task(i.e., “human implemented task” or “HIT”) describes a task that isassigned for completion by a human worker. In certain embodiments, tasksmay be assigned for an automated process that completes tasks based on a“learned” algorithm programmed, in some cases, using training datacompiled from manually completed HIT. A “project” refers to a pluralityof related tasks.

Answers may relate back to the question and/or task. For example, ananswer may have a “type” field which is specified according to a “domainmodel” for the task. In certain embodiments, other attributes of theanswer may relate back to attributes of question or task.

With reference to FIGS. 4A-4C, a flow chart illustrating a process forchecking answer accuracy using candidate for answer error detection inaccordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure isshown. In certain embodiments, the inputs, outputs, and modelsreferenced below may utilize some or all of the above listed featuresand any other type data collected. Acronyms shown in FIGS. 4A-4C mayinclude the following:

-   -   ACE=Answer Confidence Estimation    -   CAF=Candidate Answer Fraud    -   GTS=Global Task Similarity    -   BWA=Best Worker Available    -   GWGA=Global Worker Guild Accuracy    -   GWGB=Global Worker Guild Behavioral

Candidate for Answer Error Detection Module 410

-   -   The candidate for answer error detection module 410 handles all        first-pass evaluation of a worker answer for detection of        possible fraudulent, out-of-characteristic, or unreliable        behavior, and sends the question directly for extension if        required. This module predicts the likelihood of the current        answer being incorrect or being submitted with the worker in a        spamming state without making any attempt to answer the question        correctly. “Spamming” may refer to a worker behavior where the        worker submits answers in order to obtain some benefit (e.g.,        monetary rewards for answering questions) without regard to the        correctness of the provided answers.

In certain descriptions, this module may be referenced as the CandidateAnswer Fraud module or CAF module. However, as described in more depthbelow, while the algorithms used in the module may have originated inthe fraud detection space, the algorithms are equally applicable to awide array of error detection applications. Accordingly, “candidate foranswer error detection,” “candidate for answer fraud,” and “CAF” may beused interchangeably in the context of the present disclosure.

At a high level it operates by comparing behavioral characteristicfeatures of the current answer against characteristic features learnt onhistorical data for both accurate and inaccurate worker answers. Ifthere is a large delta between a normally correct characteristic set offeatures for accurate answers or the features are similar to what isnormal for an incorrect answer, the CAF model will flag this answer ashigh probability for spam.

The specific procedure for making the prediction and learning thecomparison between the current answer and historical data may be done inmultiple ways. It may be unsupervised and compared against statisticalinformation of correct/incorrect characteristic classes at the crowdand/or individual worker level. Or it may be supervised and be trainedagainst labelled examples of both correct/incorrect data. It could alsocombine the supervised and unsupervised approaches into a singleprediction using ensemble combination approaches.

The term extension, as used herein, can refer to sending a question,record, or task to additional workers to obtain multiple answers forincreasing confidence in the accepted answer. “Extensions” are requiredto reach an acceptable quality limit (“AQL”) for the answer in caseswhen single producer (worker) cannot statistically produce requiredquality of the answers. AQL refers to the upper bound of how many errorsare allowed in the final delivered data to a client.

The terms “fraud” and “error” as used herein are interchangeable and arenot limited to their traditional meanings. Instead “fraud” and “error”refer to each of the following cases: (1) instances where an incorrectanswer is intentionally submitted or where the submission is intended todeceive the evaluator in some manner; (2) instances where an answer issubmitted without regard to its correctness or accuracy; (3) instanceswhere an answer has an error or is deficient in some way; or (4)potential instances of any of the above answer categories.

Candidate Answer Fraud (CAF) Model 412

The Candidate Answer Fraud (CAF) model 410 determines the likelihood ofa submitted answer as being wrong based on worker characteristics. Thisdetermines whether a specific answer to a worker assignment is to bemarked as an outlier by identifying assignments that deviate inbehavioral features from the “Peer Group”, the group of high performingworkers. It uses the Peer Groups to compare the characteristics of thecurrent answer with the historical behavior of known correct answers.Peer Groups may be the Global Worker Guilds (GWGs) discussed above.

In certain embodiments, candidate for answer error detection module 410uses candidate answer fraud (“CAF”) model 412 that implements an outliermodel based on behavioral features of a feature vector (“FV”). Possiblecomponents of the FV for the CAF model include any trackable workercharacteristics. One example feature vector includes components such ashistorical accuracy for the worker that completed the task, average timespent on each question, exact times spent on agreements with otherworkers for the same instance of a question, time of day the answer wasgiven, etc., as well as characteristics of the task itself such as thetype of questions being answered, length of the instructions, and numberof questions per task.

In certain embodiments, CAF model 412 identifies out of character workerbehavior and flags answers for extension. CAF model 412 additionallyprevents flagged or fraudulent answers from being passed through thedelivery. In certain embodiments, CAF model 412 provides a framework forstatistical improvements to quality, and for analyst review of workerperformance (number of candidate fraud, number of confirmed fraud) forevaluating a worker for a hire-fire decision.

CAF model 412 may additionally allow starting 1+0 pipelines with asafety net in place that bad behavior will be caught unsupervised. Thismay largely reduce the number of questions that need to be sent foradjudication. The term “1+0” as used herein may refer to a scenario inwhich an answer does not need to be adjudicated such that answers tothose questions are accepted after a single worker answer. Thus, tasksor questions can be assigned without any redundancy between workerswhile error-prone answers are flagged for review.

In certain embodiments, implementing CAF model completes the pipelineand provides for iteration of models. CAF is an unsupervised statisticalmodel based on candidate fraudulent answer detection techniques. Itcombines two separate ranking mechanisms against thresholds learned overhistorical data to trigger a “fraud/not fraud” or error prediction forthe current submitted answer.

Inputs:

-   -   global “normal” feature vector for correct and/or incorrect        answers (e.g., correct, or error/fraudulent answers)    -   feature vector for the current question

Outputs:

-   -   prediction of the answer as fraudulent (error) or not    -   answers are assigned for extend +1 (i.e., assigned to additional        workers for completion) if the worker is determined to be a        spammer or if the answer is determined to be fraudulent or an        error candidate.

-   “Extend+1” refers to a scenario in which the question is forwarded    to more workers to get multiple answers to that question. For    example, a confidence e when there is not enough confidence in the    answers collected so far. “Spamming” refers to a state of the worker    where he/she is submitting (semi)random answers to questions without    attempting to get the answer correct.

Train/Eval:

CAF model 412 uses the distance of the feature vector (“FV”) from theglobal Peer Group average to determine the likelihood of fraud. Distanceis computed as the number of standard deviations from the global peergroup. For the CAF model the global FV is determined by computing astatistical norm or average for each included feature for all workerswithin the peer group, or guild.

The term “guild” as used herein may refer to any grouping of workers.Workers may be grouped by any applicable feature or other attribute. Forexample, the Global Worker Feature “Qualifications achieved” may be usedto group workers into a guild for high performing workers.

There are 2 variants of the global normal FV. The first variant isconstructed using all historical data for similar tasks for each workerin the guild of qualified workers for a given task. After construction,this FV doesn't change while the current task is active. The secondvariant uses a dynamic FV that is specific to the current task and isupdated at intervals as the current task is underway.

Trained Automated Supervisor AKA supervised “candidate fraudulent answerdetection” (supervised model 416)

In certain embodiments, the candidate fraudulent answer detection moduleuses supervised model 416. The trained supervisor uses instances ofconfirmed fraud and worker behavioral features to automatically flagworker submissions as candidate fraud. This model will also be a directchannel for business analysts to direct the classification of whatconstitutes and does not constitute fraud. From a customer perspective,this frames the product as learning to automate the job of the businessanalyst, and all the analytics that go with that since traditionallybusiness analysts or worker management system operators manually confirminstances of fraud.

Potential instances of fraud can be confirmed either by assignment toadditional automated process instances or by manual confirmation by abusiness analyst or similar human worker. The term “supervised” mayrefer to manual (e.g., human) supervision and review and/or automatedreview using trained algorithms that indicate example instances ofcandidate error answers or fraudulent answers. For example, a series ofanswers may include attributes that indicate that they may befraudulent, a mistake, or otherwise incorrect. These answers can beeither manually or programmatically reviewed to confirm that they are orare not verified instances of fraud. These confirmed instances of fraudcan be used to train an automated supervisor model. For flagging futureanswers as potential instances of fraud based on correlation withattributes of the confirmed fraud instances.

Benefit to quality: Supervised tuning of the candidate fraudulent answerdetection model. Reduction of fraudulent answer. High fidelity deliveredanswers.

Benefit to cost: Reduces extensions because of fewer false positiveextensions from fraud models. Fewer, possibly far fewer, extensionsrequired to bring answers to AQL.

Reasoning: Customer positioning of product.

Inputs:

-   -   All historical behavioral features for all campaign answers for        all workers in the peer group.    -   Selected Instances of Confirmed Fraud/error as determined by an        external source.

Output: Estimated likelihood that the current answer is fraud based onthe behavior of each worker using confirmed error/fraud instances.

Train/Eval: Trained whenever new instances of confirmed fraud aresupplied.

Behavioral Answer Accuracy Prediction Model (supervised candidatefraudulent answer detection model 416)

The supervised behavioral prediction model uses behavioral features fromeach submission to predict the accuracy of a worker answer at submissiontime. The power of this is that accuracy can be reliably assigned toevery answer even with 1+0 and without a silver worker. Silver Workersare colloquial to describe a trained model or algorithm that can be usedto automate the current task. Worker accuracies have been shown to varyby as much as 10%, which is far more than working tolerance required foranswers to reach AQL. Assigning worker accuracies allows a ranking ofall answers for quality and extension regardless of machine automationof task.

“Behavioral features” are specific to how an individual worker behavesand interacts with the task they are undertaking while other featuresmay be worker independent. Behavior features are collected/generated bytracking worker events, e.g. using web browser or desktop.

Supervised candidate fraudulent answer detection model 416 is a modeltrained only to predict the probability that the answer is not fraudwhile supervised model 416 is trained to predict the probability thatthe answer is fraud. The separation of the model is necessary due to theunbalanced proportion of the fraud/not fraud training sets. Though themodels are trained as separate models, their predictions will becombined to make a final fraud/not fraud prediction.

Benefit to quality: Provides a ranking of all records by quality during1+0.

Benefit to cost: Reduces extensions required by focusing only on leastaccurate answers.

Reasoning: Allows accuracy based implementation of 1+0 processes.

Inputs:

-   -   All historical behavioral features for all campaign answers for        all workers in the peer group.    -   Majority answers from those that have been adjudicated

Output: A model for each worker that estimates the accuracy of newsubmissions based on behavior features at submission time.

Train/Eval:

Trained for each worker when the worker has reached 20 adjudicatedanswers and updated periodically.

Automated Feature Extraction (Automated extraction process 417)

Features are automatically extracted and feature optimizations areautomatically processed using a process that automatically extracts alarge number of specific features from a superset of feature types.Optimization techniques are performed to reduce the number of featuresto the subset that achieves the best performance for the objective.

Automating the feature extraction provides us with a way ofautomatically determining the scope needed to obtain high levels ofprediction accuracy. For instance, we know via analysis that using thechange in average time per question for a window of worker answerscorrelates well with worker accuracy. However we don't know the optimalsize of the window for each worker. Automatic feature discovery allowsus to search this space of window size for each worker to get the bestresults.

Unsupervised CAF model (412)

Uses qualified workers to the campaign as Peer Group. At its basic levelthis method splits the campaign workers into two groups; thosedetermined to be good, stable, and high-accuracy workers and those whoare not-spammers, others.

Data requirements: C2 or higher, H5 or higher

Inputs:

-   -   global “normal” feature vector    -   feature vector for the current question

Output:

-   -   prediction of the answer as “fraud” or not    -   assigned for Extend +1 if the worker is determined to be a        spammer.

Train/Eval:

This algorithm uses the distance of the feature vector from the globalPeer Group average to determine the likelihood of fraud. Distance iscomputed as the number of standard deviations from the global peergroup.

Unsupervised CAF Model Version 2 (412)

Use GWGs as Peer Groups. If there is enough worker data then the workerwill be part of the GWG with a weighting of “1”.

Data requirements: H5 or higher.

Inputs:

-   -   GWGs and representative “normal” feature vector information    -   feature vector for the current question

Output:

-   -   prediction of the answer as “fraud” or not    -   sent for Extend +1 if the worker is determined to be a spammer.

Train/Eval:

This algorithm uses the distance of the feature vector from the GWGaverage feature vector to determine the likelihood of fraud. Distance iscomputed as the number of standard deviations from the global peergroup.

Supervised CAF Model (416)

Add a supervised “candidate fraudulent answer detection” model usinglabelled examples of known non fraud answers only. Combine the output ofthis model with unsupervised CAF approach outlined above.

Inputs:

-   -   Trained prediction model    -   Features associated with the current answer (to be researched).

Output:

-   -   Probability of the current answer as fraud.

Train/Eval:

To be combined with unsupervised GWG comparison for final frauddecision.

Combination CAF Model (417)

IBCC or WCA combination between historical GWG and task-specific GWG.This happens when we have both enough worker data completed for thistask plus historical similarities already established for theworker/task.

Inputs:

-   -   large GWG and associated global representative feature vector        information for all related historical data.    -   smaller in-task GWG and associated representative feature vector    -   feature vector for the current question

Output:

-   -   prediction of the answer as “fraud” or not    -   sent for Extend +1 if the worker is determined to be a spammer.

Train/Eval:

This algorithm uses the distances of the feature vectors from the largeand small GWGs to determine the likelihood of fraud. Distance iscomputed as the number of standard deviations from the global peergroup.

The IBCC or WCA algorithm will be used to combine the separate modelsinto a single prediction.

This will also be combined with all previous steps.

Trained Automated Supervised Model (416)

This Trained Automated Supervisor model predicts and scores eachassignment by its potential to be fraudulent. In certain embodiments,only positive examples as the training data input to this model. It willbe combined with the model described in V2.

Inputs:

-   -   The feature vector for this answer.    -   The trained model.

Output:

-   -   A binary prediction of this answer as fraud.    -   A probability associated with the prediction.

Train/Eval:

Needs gold data with instances of confirmed fraud for training. Thiswill produce a machine learning model that predicts if an answer is aninstance of fraud.

This will be combined with the supervised model trained on onlynon-fraud instances.

This will also be combined with all other steps in the CAF portion ofthe platform.

Silver Worker Integration with Weak Classifier Aggregation (e.g., IBCC)AKA Answer Confidence Evaluation (ACE) and Calculate Answer Accuracy(CAA)

Calculate Answer Accuracy Box 2 is IBCC or WCA without Silver Worker(514)

Calculate Answer Accuracy with Silver Worker Box 2 (434)

Check for AQL Box 2 (524)

In certain embodiments, an algorithm that combines multiple “weak”independent classifiers into a single, more accurate, predictor is used.For example, Independent Bayesian Classifier Combination (“IBCC”) may beused. IBCC is a state-of-the-art ensemble algorithm for combining thepredictions of independent classifiers, or multiple ‘weak’ learners, fora given event into a single prediction. It is a supervised algorithmthat requires labelled training data. For input it uses the outputs ofmultiple independent weak learners from which it learns for which eventseach individual learner makes accurate predictions and those for whichthey produce lower accuracy predictions. Inference is done via aBayesian averaging approach that combines the outputs of multiple weakagents or models over the test data to produce better predictions thanare otherwise achievable by a single weak learner.

The teachings of the present disclosure may reference algorithms forWeak Classifier Aggregation and IBCC. Those of ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate that one such algorithm for Weak Classifier Aggregation(“WCA”) is IBCC. However, the teachings of the present disclosure arenot limited to implementation of Weak Classifier Aggregation using IBCC,or any other particular algorithm listed herein. Instead, any suchalgorithm that combines weak predictors may be used. Any references toIBCC herein may be implemented using any Weak Classifier Aggregationalgorithm, such as, for example, IBCC.

The integration of silver workers directly with IBCC allows us to shiftover entirely to accuracy based extension and AQL. Automation shows thatmoderately performing algorithms are not sufficient to replace workersin 1+0 applications; but instead silver workers raise overall answeraccuracies significantly. This produces much greater worker accuracyestimation and AQL based decision making (and subsequent reducedextensions) with even moderately performing algorithms. This sets up formatching tasks to workers and utilization of low accuracy workers.Moderately performing algorithms refer to algorithms which are not ableto automate the work with AQL reached.

IBCC or WCA may also refer to an algorithm that combines multiple agentresponses to the same question into a single answer. Since the output ofthe agents is used as input, IBCC has the ability to combine agents ofany data type (e.g., human agents with automated agents) in oneanalysis. Silver Workers are colloquial to describe a trained model oralgorithm that can be used to automate the current task.

The Answer Confidence Estimation, or ACE, algorithm is used to keeptrack of the error rate of a stream of answers for either an individualworker or all workers for a given task to determine the overall qualityof the data up to and including the current answer. The algorithm makesuse of a combination approach, specifically IBCC or other WeakClassifier Aggregation Algorithm, to track the confidence probability ofworker's answers over time. It works by checking if the last answerkeeps the worker or task over the required AQL level. If the confidencedoes remain above AQL the last answer is marked as ready for delivery tothe client. If the confidence of the last answer causes the combined AQLto fall below the requirement it marks the last question for furtheranswers and predicts how many additional labels are required for thequestion to get above required AQL.

In certain embodiments, a Transfer Learning IBCC (TLIBCC) algorithm isused (e.g., in the Calculate Answer Accuracy with Silver Worker Box434). TLIBCC extends any Weak Classifier Aggregation or IBCC algorithmto make predictions about which workers are suited to answeringdifferent types of questions. While IBCC, for example, serves to predictthe posterior confidence of a worker's answer, TLIBCC gives aprobability of a worker answering a specific type of question correctlybefore it is answered by that worker. It uses shared features, bothlatent and explicit, between both workers and questions to match betweenthe two. The feature vector for a question is the required skills neededto answer the question accurately. The feature vector for the worker isthe set of skills the worker has demonstrated. During inference, TLIBCClearns the right values for the feature vector for each worker for eachquestion. During testing we can match worker skill vectors to thequestion requirement skills.

This probability is used for various tasks in the Worker Fitnessplatform such as matching the best workers to a question, buildingclusters of questions or workers based on similar feature vectors, ortracking the change in worker performance over the a given timeline.

Benefit to quality: Much improved answer accuracies. Faster measurementof worker accuracies without extension. Best method for identifying‘hard’ answers that require extension for the purpose of reaching AQL.

Benefit to cost: Allows us to deliver much higher AQL with sameworkforce. Reduced extensions for measuring worker accuracies.Statistical evaluation of worker answers is first step to assigningintrinsic ‘information value’ to each worker submission for scenario oftotal process optimization of cost.

Tasks are matched to historically high accuracy workers for the giventask type. Low accuracy workers are excluded increasing the quality ofthe final data.

Reasoning: Integration of all answer systems on probability level fordecision making.

Inputs:

-   -   All answers from all workers in the campaign.    -   trained automation algorithm score for each question in        campaign. In certain embodiments, the trained automation        algorithm score includes the output of the silver worker.

Outputs:

-   -   confusion matrix for each worker showing average performance        throughout the campaign    -   answer confidence for every answer in the campaign    -   binary decision as to whether the record's answers to date        satisfy task-level AQL    -   If not, the estimated number of additional labels required for        this answer to reach task-level AQL.

A confusion matrix includes a matrix that matches actual labels topredicted labels so describes the performance of a worker/algorithm.Answers from all workers in the campaign and trained automationalgorithm scores can be used to generate confusion matrices via analgorithm. For example, such an algorithm was developed by EdwinSimpson, a consultant at the University of Oxford. However, referencesto a confusion matrix are not limited to any particular implementation.

Supervised IBCC Integration AKA supervised Answer Confidence Evaluation(ACE) and supervised Calculate Answer Accuracy (CAA)

Calculate Answer Accuracy Box 3 (516)

Calculate Answer Accuracy with Silver Worker Box 3 (436)

Check for AQL Box 3 (526)

The integration of IBCC or WCA with the behavior-based accuracyprediction model will be the first existing model that integratesaccuracy and behavior based information about a worker into a single(and consistent) scoring of answer accuracy. Worker accuracies have beenshown to vary by as much as 10%, and integrating these two models allowsus to instantly declare answers as above AQL, and to incorporate workerbehavior (psychology) directly into our analysis of an answer againstAQL.

Benefit to quality: Highest fidelity worker and answer accuracyprediction possible. Through IBCC or WCA this propagates behavioralcharacteristics to all workers and answer accuracies even when most ofthe answers are provided by 1+0. Best method for identifying ‘easy’answers that require no extension for the purpose of reaching AQL.

Benefit to cost: Reduced extension for answers that indicate high workeraccuracy. More reliable way to deliver set-wide AQL at lowest cost.

Reasoning: Integration of all worker information into determination ofworker and accuracy information.

Inputs:

-   -   all answers from all workers from the campaign    -   all scores and all labels that are assigned to human tasks by        automation algorithm in campaign. A “label” is another way of        denoting the answer provided for a question. In this context        each worker provides an answer, or label, for each document. If        the predicted accuracy of a given worker's answer is low then        more answers are required to maintain required data quality.    -   historical accuracy prediction for all workers in campaign (if        available)

Outputs:

-   -   accuracy confusion matrix for each worker in campaign    -   answer accuracy (confidence) for each answer in campaign    -   determination whether the current worker requires extension of        their answer in order to measure worker accuracy

Train/Eval:

IBCC or WCA is a deterministic algorithm that may not require training.

Requires automation is available for the Silver Worker.

Global Task Similarity AKA Task Similarity Cluster

Task Similarity Cluster Box 1 (440)

The global task similarity process uses accuracy-based, behavioral, andanalyst-created features across all historical tasks and workers toscore (between 0.0 and 1.0) the similarity of two tasks. The similaritymatrix is symmetric. The similarity is qualitatively defined as ameasure of how well a worker from one task will perform on the other.The power of this is that upon the creation of a new task, theperformance (accuracy or behavior) of any worker in the system can bepredicted on the new task. This allows several features: a prioriestimation of that worker accuracy on the new task, pre-qualification ofworkers on new tasks, identification and automated solicitation ofworkers at task creation.

Benefit to quality: Task similarity is a measure of consistency for theanalysts. Task similarity allows workers to more quickly and easilyidentify tasks they want to work on, improving our worker pool andefficiency, and improving all quality.

Benefit to cost: Increases number of likely-qualified workers availablefor new tasks. Faster adoption of tasks by workers. Reduces the numberof workers that will take on a task and perform poorly.

Reasoning: Task type-wide connection of workers to tasks is a majorfeature upgrade.

Input:

-   -   feature vectors for current campaign task and all similar task        types    -   Task global similarity matrix as known to date.

Output: matrix of task similarity weight/score between every pair ofcampaigns matching that task type.

Train/Eval:

Trained with the clustering algorithm using worker feature vectors asinput. Run once each day at midnight

Global Worker Guilds AKA Worker Similarity Clusters (450)

Worker Similarity Clusters Box 1 and Box 2 (450)

The global worker guilds use accuracy-based features across allhistorical tasks and workers to identify clusters of workers withsimilar performance-based characteristics. Accuracy-based features areuseful for identifying workers that would perform well on a new taskbased on workers already performing well on the task. Global WorkerGuilds also allow us to build peer groups based on historicalperformance for better comparison in candidate fraudulent answerdetection.

Benefit to quality: Identifying similar workers improves our ability todetect out-of-character behavior. It also allows us to grow the numberof workers on a task.

Benefit to cost: Better candidate fraudulent answer detection reducescost of false negatives. Larger worker pool ramps tasks up more quicklyand allows us to select more top quality workers for our tasks.

Reasoning: Primary source of using historical data on workers and tasksfor new task performance.

Input:

-   -   all worker assignments for all campaigns with the same task        type.    -   accuracy (for GWGA) and/or behavioral (for GWGB) features for        each worker that has passed qualification. In certain        embodiments, GWG refers to Global Workers Guild. GWGA refers to        GWG accuracy. GWGB refers to GWG behavioral.

Output: assignment of a similarity weight between each worker qualifiedfor the task to their Global Worker Guild (GWG) and the Peer Group to beused while calculating fraud probability.

Train/Eval:

Trained with the clustering algorithm using worker feature vectors asinput. Run once each day at midnight.

Supervised IBCC or WCA Integration with CAF AKA Total Answer ConfidenceEvaluation (“TACE”)

Check for AQL Box 4 (528)

The Total Answer Confidence Evaluation (TACE) uses IBCC or WCA, asupervised per-worker accuracy estimation at submission time, and ascore from the CAF model to particularly include the results ofpotentially fraud answers in the final evaluation of answer confidenceevaluation. The power of TACE is that the CAF model likely produces manyfalse positives that are omitted from the calculation of answerconfidence. This additional overhead could reduce our necessaryextension by up to 90% depending on the tolerance threshold we set forthe CAF models.

Benefit to quality: not excluding CAF answers that may be of partial oracceptable quality; overall increase in answer confidence at sameextension rate; reduced extension

Benefit to cost: fewer extensions needed to reach AQL

Reasoning: This additional overhead due to false positive declarationsof fraud will reduce our necessary extension by a lot (up to 90%)depending on the tolerance threshold we set for the CAF models.

Inputs:

-   -   all answers from all workers from the campaign    -   all scores and all labels assigned to HITS by automation        algorithm in campaign    -   historical accuracy prediction for all workers in campaign (if        available)    -   behavioral features for all assignments in the campaign

Outputs:

-   -   accuracy confusion matrix for each worker in campaign    -   answer accuracy (confidence) for each answer in campaign

Train/Eval:

IBCC or WCA is a deterministic algorithm that requires no training. Itrequires a trained automation algorithm.

One submission accuracy model is trained for each worker based oncampaign behavioral features and previous answers marked as correct ornot. This model will be trained periodically throughout the worker'sparticipation on the campaign, and likely not after each submission.

Best Worker Available (“BWA”) (460)

The BWA algorithm is used to match the best available worker to the nextquestion in need to answering on the platform. It may use TLIBCCdirectly as described above and/or also combines other models andmethods with any number of task-specific features. An example listing offeatures, including task-specific features, is described above. The BestWorker Available algorithm ranks and matches each worker in the workerpool against a specific instance/record of a HIT. The ranking andmatching algorithm optimize on factors such as predicted worker accuracyon the specific record, predicted worker likelihood to accept thespecific record (preference), current answers for the record provided byother workers or machines, confidence in the accumulated answers,behavioral features, and system-wide AQL.

Benefit to quality: matching workers to tasks will utilize workers forthe tasks they are good at, increasing overall output of performance byworker pool; matching tasks to workers (preference) will increase therate at which campaigns progress due to reduced worker dropout.

Benefit to cost: fewer extensions required; more reliable servicedelivery from crowd.

Reasoning: addressing task and worker matching produces more productiveand happier crowds.

Inputs

-   -   all worker behavioral features and associated models    -   next question task record (e.g., see listing of task specific        features above)

Outputs:

-   -   a ranking and score for each workers' estimated performance on        that record

Training:

The BWA model is deterministic but has dependencies on other modelswhich have training requirements, such as those illustrated in FIGS.4A-4C and discussed throughout this document.

Global Trained Supervisor (440)

The Global Trained Supervisor is an extension to the Trained AutomatedSupervisor that extends training data by using historical accuracy andbehavioral characteristics for each work and each task to determineCandidate Answer Fraud in the current task. More technically, the GlobalTrained Supervisor merges Global Worker Guilds, Global Task Similarity,and Trained Automated Supervisors from across tasks through IBCC or WCAto produce a superior algorithm. Much improved CAF performance isexpected after Peer Groups are established by historical performance andbehavior. This also allows us to turn on candidate fraudulent answerdetection much earlier in the task process.

Benefit to quality: all benefits of improved candidate fraudulent answerdetection.

Benefit to cost: all benefits of improved candidate fraudulent answerdetection, fewer records need to be processed before a worker cantransition to 1+0 with CAF.

Reasoning: much improved CAF performance is expected by creating

Inputs:

-   -   large GWG and associated global representative feature vector        information for all related historical data.    -   smaller in-task GWG and associated representative feature vector    -   feature vector for the current question

Output:

-   -   prediction of the answer as “fraud” or not    -   sent for Extend +1 if the worker is determined to be a spammer.

Train/Eval:

This algorithm uses the distances of the feature vectors from the largeand small GWGs to determine the likelihood of fraud. Distance iscomputed as the number of standard deviations from the global peergroup.

The IBCC or WCA algorithm will be used to combine the separate modelsinto a single prediction.

This will also be combined with all previous steps.

Extend +1

The Extend +1 subflow compliments the traditional adjudication procedurecurrently in use in the WF platform by adding a Best Worker Accuracy(BWA) model which predicts worker accuracies for the next question. Thisstep will help us serve the right questions to the right worker tooptimize the overall AQL of the task at the lowest cost.

Global Task Similarity Clusters

This is used when the worker has not completed enough in-task work forthis campaign. The purpose of the Global Task Similarity (GTS) model isto assign a weighted similarity score from similar tasks the worker hascompleted in the past to provide reliable estimates of hisaccuracy/behavior for this task type.

Input:

-   -   feature vectors for current task    -   Task global similarity matrix.

Output: task similarity weight/score.

Train/Eval:

Trained with the clustering algorithm using worker feature vectors asinput. Run once each day at midnight.

Global Worker Guild Similarity Weighted Clusters

This is used when there is not enough worker specific historical datafor this or similar historical task types to directly estimate theirperformance on this task. The purpose of the Global Worker Guild (GWG)models is to assign a similarity score to weight the candidatefraudulent answer detection models. This is done by finding similargroups of workers who already have submitted enough data for this taskor other task like it. GWGs are produced based on two different ways:accuracy-based features (GWGA) and the other on behavioral-basedfeatures (GWGB). The interface for both GWGA and GWGB should beidentical. The separation of the algorithm into two separate parts inthe flowchart is to clarify planning in research roadmap only.

Input:

-   -   all worker assignments for all campaigns with the same task        type.    -   accuracy (for GWGA) and/or behavioral (for GWGB) features for        each worker that has passed qualification.

Output:

-   -   assignment of a similarity weight between each worker qualified        for the task to their Global Worker Guild (GWG) and the Peer        Group to be used while calculating fraud probability.

Train/Eval:

Trained with the clustering algorithm using worker feature vectors asinput. Run once each day at midnight.

Each worker with historical data has a unique Global Worker Guild ID.Within a campaign, and for the purpose of candidate fraudulent answerdetection, the worker has a Campaign Peer Group ID (CPG). In most casesin which GWG is available, the worker will be assigned the GWG ID andtheir CPG ID. In other cases, the GPD ID may be determined by one of thealgorithms below.

Assigning Worker CPG in Campaign:

When: the worker is assigned their CPG when they join a campaign and atevery new data threshold. Which method for assigning CPG is determinedby the amount of data available.

Silver Worker?No: Calculate Answer Accuracy (510)

In certain embodiments, an answer accuracy calculation is implementedusing the process described in module 512. Answer accuracy module 512assumes that answer accuracy meets AQL for record level. If computedworker answer accuracy falls below band for worker, i.e., fails majorityvotes, falls below worker's historical or qualification requiredaverage, fails PGA multiple times, doesn't pass gold data checks ormaker/checker via SQC, then the worker is a candidate for firing fromthe task.

Inputs:

-   -   all computed in-task accuracy metrics for this worker

Outputs:

-   -   assignment of label and answer accuracy to all answers.    -   determination of whether the current worker needs to be fired.

Train/Eval:

None.

In certain embodiments, an Accuracy Confidence Estimation (ACE) modelthe individual worker and answer accuracies as sampled and scored byIBCC or WCA. ACE model uses IBCC or any other Weak ClassifierAggregation algorithm and is developed from consultants and predicts theprobability of a worker's answer being correct.

Inputs:

all answers from this worker from this campaign

historical accuracy prediction for this worker if available

Outputs:

answer accuracy (confidence) for this answer

determination whether the current worker requires extension of theiranswer in order to measure worker accuracy

In certain embodiments, supervised behavioral answer accuracy predictionmodel is directly integrated with IBCC or WCA into the ACE algorithm.

The supervised behavioral prediction model uses behavioral features fromeach submission to predict the accuracy of a worker answer at submissiontime. The power of this is that accuracy can be reliable assigned toevery answer even with 1+0 and without a silver worker. When integratedwith IBCC or WCA, IBCC and the prediction model will both generateestimates of answer accuracy. The most likely first-pass solution tothis will be to use IBCC or WCA to generate answer accuracies and totrain the prediction model as a regression to these accuracies onhistorical answers. Then, at submission time, the prediction accuracycan be used as the prior for the worker answer accuracy on IBCC or WCA(alpha parameters). The second-pass solution would likely be to trainthe prediction model and IBCC or WCA jointly

Inputs:

all answers from all workers from the campaign

all scores and all labels assigned to HITS by automation algorithm incampaign

historical accuracy prediction for all workers in campaign (ifavailable)

behavioral features for all assignments in the campaign

Outputs:

accuracy confusion matrix for each worker in campaign

answer accuracy (confidence) for each answer in campaign

Train/Eval:

IBCC or WCA is a deterministic algorithm that requires no training.

Requires a trained automation algorithm.

One submission accuracy model is trained for each worker based oncampaign behavioral features and previous answers marked as correct ornot. This model will be trained periodically throughout the worker'sparticipation on the campaign, and likely not after each submission.

Silver Worker?Yes.

Calculate Answer Accuracy with Silver Worker (430, 432)

Current: No use of Silver Workers in answer accuracy calculations. NoInput/Output required.

In certain embodiments, an Answer Confidence Estimation (ACE) model withSilver worker scores is directly integrated with IBCC or WCA worker.(todo: not streaming & merges historical/not-historical)

Inputs:

all answers from all workers from the campaign

all scores and all labels assigned to HITS by automation algorithm incampaign

historical accuracy prediction for all workers in campaign (ifavailable)

Outputs:

accuracy confusion matrix for each worker in campaign

answer accuracy (confidence) for each answer in campaign

determination whether the current worker requires extension of theiranswer in order to measure worker accuracy

Train/Eval:

IBCC or WCA is a deterministic algorithm that requires no training.

Requires automation is available for the Silver Worker.

In certain embodiments, the ACE model with Silver worker scores aredirectly integrated into IBCC or WCA evaluation algorithm and mergedwith supervised behavioral answer accuracy prediction model.

The supervised behavioral prediction model uses behavioral features fromeach submission to predict the accuracy of a worker answer at submissiontime. The power of this is that accuracy can be reliable assigned toevery answer even with 1+0 and without a silver worker. When integratedwith IBCC or WCA, IBCC and the prediction model will both generateestimates of answer accuracy. The most likely first-pass solution tothis will be to use IBCC or WCA to generate answer accuracies and totrain the prediction model as a regression to these accuracies onhistorical answers. Then, at submission time, the prediction accuracycan be used as the prior for the worker answer accuracy on IBCC or WCA(alpha parameters).

Inputs:

all answers from all workers from the campaign

all scores and all labels assigned to HITS by automation algorithm incampaign

historical accuracy prediction for all workers in campaign (ifavailable)

behavioral features for all assignments in the campaign

Outputs:

accuracy confusion matrix for each worker in campaign

answer accuracy (confidence) for each answer in campaign

Train/Eval:

IBCC or WCA is a deterministic algorithm that requires no training.

Requires a trained automation algorithm.

One submission accuracy model is trained for each worker based oncampaign behavioral features and previous answers marked as correct ornot. This model will be trained periodically throughout the worker'sparticipation on the campaign, and likely not after each submission.

Check for AQL (520)

Determine Correct Answer and Check Acceptable Quality

In certain embodiments, task-level AQL is determined using module 522.Correct answers are determined by majority votes. Here a majority couldbe a single answer if adjudication is 1+0. This is the default way ananswer is accepted now.

Inputs:

Current answer with an accuracy score from answer accuracy calculationsdescribed above.

All previous accepted answers.

Output:

The number of further workers required for this answer to reachtask-level AQL.

Train/Eval:

There is no change here from the current way of accepting an answer intothe snapshot.

In certain embodiments, the ACE model is used at the task-level. This isan algorithm for computation of task-level AQL. This portion of themodel has as input the question level accuracy score and computes ifthis satisfies AQL at the task-level.

Inputs: None.

Outputs:

If the answer's accuracy score satisfies task-level AQL.

If not, the number of additional labels required for this answer toreach task-level AQL.

In certain embodiments, supervised behavioral answer accuracy predictionmodel integration with IBCC or WCA into the ACE algorithm is augmentedby adding two complimentary supervised machine learning models. One istrained against labelled examples of accepted answers while the other istrained on labelled examples of rejected. Features for these modelsstill to be researched but will include the final number of labelsrequired for each prior accepted question with other relevantinformation such as the answer accuracy confidence, task type, type ofquestion being asked, worker statistics, etc.

Inputs:

Answer with the features used to train the supervised models with.

A trained supervised online model for accepted answers that iscontinually updated with newly accepted answers.

Output:

The number of further workers required for this answer to reachtask-level AQL.

Train/Eval:

This model will be combined with all previous steps in the AQLcalculation for this answer.

Additional Notes:

Add Algorithm Algorithm. cutoff for silver worker

Add qualifier (quality/cost) of IBCC or WCA out of the box for answeraccuracy. better confusion matrix correction for bias, worker confusiontendencies, and

Adjudication done. Gold data & checker measurement of accuracy

Process IBCC or WCA with Gold fixed as 1.0.

Measure efficacy of gold answer. Evaluate gold posterior value of everygold answer.

A Tool for Monitoring the Usefulness-Correctness of Gold Data ThroughoutProduction Tasks

Does bad gold lower overall IBCC or WCA accuracies?

The GTS project consists of three phrases of similarity measure rollout:

Exact task similarity: Tasks created as copies and left unedited areassigned a similarity score of 1.0.

This allows prediction of worker accuracies for all workers in theUniverse at task creation time for the trivial (but not yet implemented)case of identical tasks. This allows implementation of all subsystems(accuracy prediction, worker solicitation) to continue forward inparallel to research and development.

Historical task similarity (accuracy-based): Historical task similarityscores are calculated using worker answers across all tasks of the sametype. Results are evaluated.

These identify worker clusters (GWGA) and may allow task similarityscores to be calculated once “many” workers have been “at least”qualified.

Historical task similarity (analyst-features based): Historical tasksimilarity scores are recalculated using worker answers across all tasksof the same type and supervised features derived from the set of allmetadata available at task-creation.

These identify worker clusters (GWGA) and allow task similarity scoresto be calculated at task creation time for new tasks. This allowsprediction of worker accuracies for all workers in the Universe at taskcreation time.

Computer System

Referring now to FIG. 5, a schematic of an example of an informationprocessing system, such as the server 104 of FIG. 1, is shown.Information processing system 502 is only one example of a suitablesystem and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope ofuse or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein.Regardless, the information processing system 502 is capable of beingimplemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forthhereinabove.

The information processing system 502 may be a personal computer system,a server computer system, a thin client, a thick client, a hand-held orlaptop device, a tablet computing device, a multiprocessor system, amicroprocessor-based system, a set top box, a programmable consumerelectronic, a network PC, a minicomputer system, a mainframe computersystem, a distributed cloud computing system, or the like.

The information processing system 502 is shown in the form of ageneral-purpose computing device. The components of the informationprocessing system 502 may include, but are not limited to, one or moreprocessors or processing units 504, a system memory 506, and a bus 508that couples various system components including the system memory 506to the processor 504.

The bus 508 represents one or more of any of several types of busstructures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus usingany of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and notlimitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture(ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA)bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, andPeripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

The information processing system 502 typically includes a variety ofcomputer system readable media. Such media may be any available mediathat is accessible by the information processing system 502, and itincludes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable andnon-removable media.

The system memory 506, in one embodiment, comprises the workforcemanager 112, its components, and the various data 212, 214, 216 as shownin FIG. 1. These one or more components may also be implemented inhardware as well. The system memory 506 may include computer systemreadable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random accessmemory (RAM) 510 and/or cache memory 512. The information processingsystem 502 may further include other removable/non-removable,volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of exampleonly, a storage system 514 may be provided for reading from and writingto a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typicallycalled a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive forreading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk(e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from orwriting to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM,DVD-ROM or other optical media may be provided. In such instances, eachmay be connected to the bus 508 by one or more data media interfaces. Aswill be further depicted and described below, the memory 506 may includeat least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) ofprogram modules that are configured to carry out the functions ofvarious embodiments of the invention.

Program/utility 516, having a set (at least one) of program modules 518,may be stored in memory 506 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. Program modules 518 generally carry out the functionsand/or methodologies of various embodiments of the invention asdescribed herein.

The information processing system 502 may also communicate with one ormore external devices 520 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, adisplay 522, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interactwith the information processing system 502; and/or any devices (e.g.,network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 502 tocommunicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communicationmay occur via I/O interfaces 524. Still yet, the information processingsystem 502 may communicate with one or more networks such as a localarea network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a publicnetwork (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 526. As depicted, thenetwork adapter 526 communicates with the other components ofinformation processing system 502 via the bus 508. It should beunderstood that although not shown, other hardware and/or softwarecomponents could be used in conjunction with the information processingsystem 502. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, devicedrivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAIDsystems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that may communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention have been discussed above withreference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods,apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block ofthe flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations ofblocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may beimplemented by computer program instructions. These computer programinstructions may be provided to a processor of a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions,which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus, create means for implementing thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that may direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The description of the present invention has been presented for purposesof illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by one or moreprocessors of an information processing system, results of one or moretasks performed by a worker; determining, by the one or more processors,that the volume of the results for one of the tasks is insufficient;determining, by the one or more processors, that the volume of theresults of similar tasks completed by the worker is sufficient;assigning, by the one or more processors, a weighted similarity scorebased on the results of the similar tasks completed by the worker; andproviding, by the one or more processors, estimates based on theweighted similarity score of the worker's behavior for a task type ofthe one of the tasks.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of thetasks is classified under one or more task types, wherein the task typesare based on one or more actions involved in performing the task, alevel of difficulty of the task, pre-requisites required for the task, alevel of compensation provided for the task, a duration of the task, aminimum number of iterations required for the task, or a maximum numberof iterations required for the task.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: pre-qualifying the worker on one or more new tasks.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: identifying one or more qualifiedworkers upon creation of a new task.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: automatically soliciting the one or more qualified workersto perform the new task.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimatesof the worker's behavior for the task type comprise estimates of theworker's accuracy for the task type.
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: identifying a vector of shared features for the task typebased on skills needed to accurately perform a task of the task type;identifying a vector of shared features for the worker based on skillsdemonstrated by the worker; and determining, using a Transfer LearningIndependent Bayesian Classifier Combination (TLIBCC) algorithm and basedon the weighted similarity score, optimal values for each of the sharedfeatures, wherein the estimates are further based on the optimal values.8. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodyingsoftware comprising instructions operable when executed to: receive, byone or more processors of an information processing system, results ofone or more tasks performed by a worker; determine, by the one or moreprocessors, that the volume of the results for one of the tasks isinsufficient; determine, by the one or more processors, that the volumeof the results of similar tasks completed by the worker is sufficient;assign, by the one or more processors, a weighted similarity score basedon the results of the similar tasks completed by the worker; andprovide, by the one or more processors, estimates based on the weightedsimilarity score of the worker's behavior for a task type of the one ofthe tasks.
 9. The media of claim 8, wherein each of the tasks isclassified under one or more task types, wherein the task types arebased on one or more actions involved in performing the task, a level ofdifficulty of the task, pre-requisites required for the task, a level ofcompensation provided for the task, a duration of the task, a minimumnumber of iterations required for the task, or a maximum number ofiterations required for the task.
 10. The media of claim 8, the softwarefurther comprising instructions operable when executed to: pre-qualifythe worker on one or more new tasks.
 11. The media of claim 8, thesoftware further comprising instructions operable when executed to:identify one or more qualified workers upon creation of a new task. 12.The media of claim 8, the software further comprising instructionsoperable when executed to: automatically solicit the one or morequalified workers to perform the new task.
 13. The media of claim 8,wherein the estimates of the worker's behavior for the task typecomprise estimates of the worker's accuracy for the task type.
 14. Themedia of claim 8, the software further comprising instructions operablewhen executed to: identify a vector of shared features for the task typebased on skills needed to accurately perform a task of the task type;identify a vector of shared features for the worker based on skillsdemonstrated by the worker; and determine, using a Transfer LearningIndependent Bayesian Classifier Combination (TLIBCC) algorithm and basedon the weighted similarity score, optimal values for each of the sharedfeatures, wherein the estimates are further based on the optimal values.15. A system comprising one or more processors and a memory coupled tothe processors comprising instructions executable by the processors, theprocessors being operable when executing the instructions to: receiveresults of one or more tasks performed by a worker; determine that thevolume of the results for one of the tasks is insufficient; determinethat the volume of the results of similar tasks completed by the workeris sufficient; assign a weighted similarity score based on the resultsof the similar tasks completed by the worker; and provide estimatesbased on the weighted similarity score of the worker's behavior for atask type of the one of the tasks.
 16. The system of claim 15, whereineach of the tasks is classified under one or more task types, whereinthe task types are based on one or more actions involved in performingthe task, a level of difficulty of the task, pre-requisites required forthe task, a level of compensation provided for the task, a duration ofthe task, a minimum number of iterations required for the task, or amaximum number of iterations required for the task.
 17. The system ofclaim 15, the processors being further operable when executing theinstructions to: pre-qualify the worker on one or more new tasks. 18.The system of claim 15, the processors being further operable whenexecuting the instructions to: identify one or more qualified workersupon creation of a new task.
 19. The system of claim 15, the processorsbeing further operable when executing the instructions to: automaticallysolicit the one or more qualified workers to perform the new task. 20.The system of claim 15, the processors being further operable whenexecuting the instructions to: identify a vector of shared features forthe task type based on skills needed to accurately perform a task of thetask type; identify a vector of shared features for the worker based onskills demonstrated by the worker; and determine, using a TransferLearning Independent Bayesian Classifier Combination (TLIBCC) algorithmand based on the weighted similarity score, optimal values for each ofthe shared features, wherein the estimates are further based on theoptimal values.